As noted in Part 1 of this two-part review, school attendance is an important foundational competency for children and adolescents, and school absenteeism has been linked to myriad short- and long-term negative consequences, even into adulthood. Categorical and dimensional approaches for this population have been developed. This article (Part 2 of a two-part review) discusses compatibilities of categorical and dimensional approaches for school attendance and school absenteeism and how these approaches can inform one another. The article also poses a multidimensional (...) multi-tiered system of supports pyramid model as a mechanism for reconciling these approaches, promoting school attendance (and/or prevention of school absenteeism), establishing early warning systems for nimble response to school attendance problems, assisting with global policy review and dissemination and implementation, and adapting to future changes in education and technology. (shrink)

Precision Medicine is driven by the idea that the rapidly increasing range of relatively cheap and efficient self-tracking devices make it feasible to collect multiple kinds of phenotypic data. Advocates of N = 1 research emphasize the countless opportunities personal data provide for optimizing individual health. At the same time, using biomarker data for lifestyle interventions has shown to entail complex challenges. In this paper, we argue that researchers in the field of precision medicine need to address the performative dimension (...) of collecting data. We propose the fun-house mirror as a metaphor for the use of personal health data; each health data source yields a particular type of image that can be regarded as a ‘data mirror’ that is by definition specific and skewed. This requires competence on the part of individuals to adequately interpret the images thus provided. (shrink)

This article addresses the significance of plagiarism as a poetic theme in Martial's Epigrams. Martial is the first classical poet to use the term plagiarius to refer to literary theft ( Ep. 1.52), and elsewhere in his epigrams, he frequently accuses other poets of appropriating or copying his work. This article argues that Martial's explicit references to plagiarism illustrate a poetic self-identity invested in the materiality of his texts: as Martial objectifies his books, he also commodifies them as articles of (...) the marketplace. By defining his poetry as material commodities available for purchase or theft, Martial also exposes the economic fictions of Roman literary patronage. (shrink)

This document presents the Bonn PRINTEGER Consensus Statement: Working with Research Integrity—Guidance for research performing organisations. The aim of the statement is to complement existing instruments by focusing specifically on institutional responsibilities for strengthening integrity. It takes into account the daily challenges and organisational contexts of most researchers. The statement intends to make research integrity challenges recognisable from the work-floor perspective, providing concrete advice on organisational measures to strengthen integrity. The statement, which was concluded February 7th 2018, provides guidance on (...) the following key issues: § 1.Providing information about research integrity § 2.Providing education, training and mentoring § 3.Strengthening a research integrity culture § 4.Facilitating open dialogue § 5.Wise incentive management § 6.Implementing quality assurance procedures § 7.Improving the work environment and work satisfaction § 8.Increasing transparency of misconduct cases § 9.Opening up research § 10.Implementing safe and effective whistle-blowing channels § 11.Protecting the alleged perpetrators § 12.Establishing a research integrity committee and appointing an ombudsperson § 13.Making explicit the applicable standards for research integrity. (shrink)

Both individuals with diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder and individuals high in psychopathic traits show reduced susceptibility to contagious yawning; that is, yawning after seeing or hearing another person yawn. Yet it is unclear whether the same underlying processes are responsible for the relationship between reduced contagion and these very different types of clinical traits. College Students watched videos of individuals yawning or scratching while their eye movements were tracked. They completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, the Psychopathy (...) Personality Inventory-Revised, and the Adolescent and Adult Sensory Processing Disorder Checklist. Both psychopathic traits and autistic traits showed an inverse relationship to contagious yawning, consistent with previous research. However, the relationship between autistic traits and contagious yawning was moderated by eye gaze. Furthermore, participants high in autistic traits showed typical levels of contagious itching whereas adults high in psychopathic traits showed diminished itch contagion. Finally, only psychopathic traits were associated with lower overall levels of empathy. The findings imply that the underlying processes contributing to the disruptions in contagious yawning amongst individuals high in autistic vs. psychopathic traits are distinct. In contrast to adults high in psychopathic traits, diminished contagion may appear amongst people with high levels of autistic traits secondary to diminished attention to the faces of others, and in the absence of a background deficit in emotional empathy. (shrink)

While rooted in careful study of Mead’s original writings and transcribed lectures and the historical context in which that work was carried out, the papers in this volume have brought Mead’s work to bear on contemporary issues in metaphysics, epistemology, cognitive science, and social and political philosophy.

Negative self-referential processing has fruitfully been studied in unipolar depressed patients, but remarkably less in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This exploratory study examines the relation between task-based self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in BD and their possible importance to the working mechanism of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for BD. The study population consisted of a subsample of patients with BD (n = 49) participating in an RCT of MBCT for BD, who were assigned to MBCT + TAU (n = (...) 23) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 26). Patients performed the self-referential encoding task (SRET), which measures (1) positive and (2) negative attributions to oneself as well as (3) negative self-referential memory bias, before and after MBCT + TAU or TAU. At baseline, all three SRET measures were significantly related to depressive symptoms in patients with BD. Moreover, repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that negative self-referential memory bias diminished over time in the MBCT + TAU group, compared with the TAU group. Given the preliminary nature of our findings, future research should explore the possibly mediating role of reducing negative self-referential memory bias in preventing and treating depressive symptoms in BD through MBCT. (shrink)

A new approach to environmental policy analysis is introduced that is designed to mitigate the exacerbation of environmental problems, which can result from the application of traditional approaches in environmental decision making. These approaches are problematic because they tend to rely on technical fixes, a single-discipline focus, and optimality. When such traditional approaches are applied, complex environmental problems are simplified beyond recognition, and the solution produced no longer matches the original problem. An alternative approach has been developed at the U.S. (...) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that is designed to improve the utilization of scientific research results and data (social, physical, and biological) through a more inclusive problem-solving process aimed particularly at difficult and complex environmental issues. Using a policy application pertaining to the EPA’s 1995 decision to approve a fuel additive, the authors illustrate how integrated environmental policy decision analysis can be made operational using this new approach. (shrink)

En el presente artículo, se tratará de dilucidar la caracterización del Barroco europeo que Deleuze propone en El pliegue, con miras a aislar los rasgos idiosincrásicos que comparte con el Barroco hispano, definitorios como son de un ethos encaminado hacia una Modernidad alternativa a la que finalmente se impuso. Transitaremos así de la interpretación de la filosofía leibniziana del sujeto como un «manierismo» que ofrece Deleuze a la caracterización graciana del héroe y el mundo, con miras a mostrar que en (...) ambos planteamientos hay una ontología de la potencia que desmiente el esencialismo a propósito del sujeto característico de la Modernidad de cuño cartesiano, en provecho de una evaluación interna o inmanente del sujeto conformada en tiempos de crisis y con una marcada inspiración estoica. (shrink)

La publicación de "Una Teoría de la Justicia" de J. Rawls ha provocado un intenso debate entre liberales y comunitaristas, especialmente en lo que respecta al tema de la prioridad de lo justo con respecto a las concepciones del bien. La importancia dada al contexto de una comunidad, con miras a la construcción de una teoría de la justicia, ha sido objeto de mucha controversia. Se considera irrelevante para los liberales y fundamental para los comunitaristas. El propósito de este artículo (...) es entrar en esta discusión e investigar las bases del comunitarismo, o más precisamente, señalar que la Filosofía del Derecho de Hegel puede considerarse una anticipación de estas bases. Su concepción ético-política de la Constitución es la mayor prueba de ello. Para cumplir con este objetivo, es necesario explicar la idea de la libertad como principio orientador de toda estructura jurídica, política y social. Esto incluye presentar el derecho abstracto, la moralidad y, especialmente, la eticidad como formas de concretización de ella. La sustancialidad ética se discute como la fuente de inspiración del comunitarismo. La indicación de una concepción ético-política de la Constitución y su relación con la comunidad prepolítica es el argumento central de esta influencia. (shrink)

Alexy si prefigge di individuare quale argomentazione sia razionale (rationaler), ma soprattutto di quali argomentazioni siano inaccettabili poiché del tutto irrazionali: l'autore intende così fornire un criterio di individuazione che possa soddisfare le esigenze del ragionamento giuridico (principalmente quello giudiziario). La ricerca di Alexy non si propone di affermare un giudizio di valore su cosa possa essere considerato effettivamente morale o giuridico e cosa non possa esserlo, vale a dire una particolare decisione, come esito finale del ragionamento, mentre tutto il (...) suo impegno filosofico è diretto verso la definizione delle condizioni metodologiche per la correttezza del ragionamento stesso, allo scopo di scongiurare o, comunque, individuare eventuali irrazionalità. La teoria dell'argomentazione giuridica di Alexy si presenta come un insieme di regole che possono essere considerate una summa ricavata in parte dalla logica formale: accanto a queste rigorose formulazioni, però, si possono osservare anche i contributi della logica induttiva e gli strumenti della retorica, relativi alla verifica delle premesse, come il principio dell'onere dell'argomentazione o del precedente. Le regole individuate da Alexy si dividono essenzialmente in due principali categorie: la prima concernente il discorso pratico generale, la seconda riguarda invece il discorso giuridico, inteso come caso particolare del primo. Nei capitoli seguenti si procede dunque all'analisi di alcuni aspetti della teoria dell'argomentazione, tenendo conto anche delle osservazioni formulate dallo stesso Alexy in risposta alle critiche ricevute, tentando di distinguere i validi contributi della teoria stessa da quegli aspetti che possono apparire eccessivi e inadeguati rispetto alla metodologia adottata. La posizione metodologica debole di Alexy, che mira solo all'esclusione dell'estrema irrazionalità, non risulta poi davvero così “debole” e provoca le critiche di O. Weinberger, J. Habermas, N. MacCormick e J. Raz. L'obiettivo che la teoria di Alexy sembra prefiggersi e mancare, o quanto meno non essere in grado di giustificare adeguatamente il metodo elaborato per conseguirlo, è soprattutto l'elaborazione di una procedura di giustificazione esterna. I severi limiti che lo stesso Alexy pone preliminarmente al proprio progetto vengono infranti, seppure in senso debole, estendendosi al di fuori dell'orizzonte limitato della razionalità relativa al diritto vigente, qualunque esso sia: Alexy non è del tutto fedele alle proposte avanzate con la sua prospettiva debole, in particolare alla netta separazione tra argomentazione e decisione. La neutralità del criterio di controllo di razionalità contrasta, infatti, con qualsiasi pretesa di giustizia, se, come sostenuto da Alexy, deve essere intesa come relativa ad un ordinamento giuridico positivo. Un contributo importante dell'opera di Alexy è la definizione estensiva del concetto stesso di argomentazione elaborata dall'autore che riafferma la complessità e l'apertura del discorso giuridico ben oltre i limiti posti dalle metodologie che ne costringono l'orizzonte entro un rigido logicismo giuridico. Il metodo adottato da Alexy rappresenta un valido contributo anche per lo statuto epistemologico della scienza giuridica, distinguendo l'elaborazione scientifica delle procedure per garantire il controllo di razionalità dalla certezza dei risultati conseguibili. Una volta accettata la sua funzione solo nei suoi limiti storici e politici di strumento di notevole riduzione dell'ambito dell'irrazionalità del discorso giuridico e dei suoi esiti, si può valutare correttamente tutta la portata della teoria, “non definitiva”, elaborata da Alexy e la sua struttura aperta nei confronti di ogni specie di ragionamento giuridico, come prescritto dall'ultima regola di transizione del discorso pratico generale, che espone tutta la teoria dell'argomentazione ad un perenne confronto dialettico con ogni possibile e diversa tesi. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:714 BOOK REVIEWS learning; the Jesuits lean to the voluntarist. Possessed of a unitary academic model, he is really arguing for Aristotle's analogy of attribution. Apparently, no one of his 200 plus Jesuit contacts told him that Nastri prefer St. Thomas and his analogy of proper proportionality. The historian Daniel Boorstin spent 25 yeari!l writing his trilogy on The Americans. What emerges from this analysis? Boorstin points out that (...) Americans like ambiguity, that they function best amid flux; ambivalence becomes their proper medium. For this reason, I have accepted Nathaniel Hawthorne as our most central writer. He situates American questions within a landscape of chiaroscuro. The Jesuit experience in the United States belongs essentially to the same landscape. But today, as formerly, it remains a landscape of questions. McDonough, on the other hand, has too many certitudes, too many answers, too much high definition-what Henry Adams regards as "mere facts." Instead of illuminating the landscape from within, his study inevitably recedes into the larger ambiguity reserved for what Wallace Stevens has called, " Prologues to what is possible." Saint Paul University Ottawa, Ontario JOHN P. McINTYRE, S.J. The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge. By LINDA TRINKAUS ZAGZEBSKI. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. viii + 215 pp. $29.95. As a Christian and a philosopher, Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski wants to understand why it is reasonable to affirm that we remain free despite God's infallible knowledge of our future acts. Moreover, she is not content simply to demonstrate that this affirmation involves no logical con· tradiction, for "reasonable people expect more" (p. 33) than a merely negative result. Hence the author sets herself the more ambitious task of working toward a positive solution that would explain why the compatibility of divine foreknowledge and human freedom is plausible and not a bare logical possibility. The hook sorts out recent opinions on the subject and sketches an original position that she hopes will advance the discussion. Zagzehski begins by constructing the most formidable version of the dilemma. Assuming that God is infallible and essentially omniscient, that the past has a kind of necessity that the future lacks ("accidental necessity"), and that this necessity can he transferred (in some sense) from the antecedent to the consequent of a conditional proposition, the dilemma may he stated as follows: BOOK REVIEWS (1) Necessarily, God believes at time t 1 that I will do S at t 3 if and only if I do S at t 3. (2) It is accidentally necessary at t 2 that God believes at t 1 that I will do S at t 3. (3) If (1) and (2) are true, then it is accidentally necessary at t 2 that I do Sat t 3. (4) It follows that it is accidentally necessary at t 2 that I do S at t 3. (5) But if it is accidentally necessary at t 2 that I do S at t 3, I do not do S at t 3 freely. (6) Therefore, I do not do S at t 3 freely. 715 Much of the first chapter is devoted to establishing that this form of the dilemma is more resistant to solution than any other, especially the so-called problem of future truth. Zagzebski goes on to evaluate three broad approaches to solving the dilemma. In Chapter 2 she takes up the " timelessness " solution. Its proponents, among whom the author numbers Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, Eleonore Stump, and Norman Kretzmann, negate premise (2) of the foreknowledge dilemma by contending that God is not in time. Zagzebski considers this an acceptable negative solution to the dilemma and sees in it the potential to ground a more comprehensive, positive solution. Nonetheless, she refrains from subscribing wholeheartedly to the timelessness solution because it confronts one with a dilemma at least as perplexing as the one it solves. She puts the problem this way: like the past, eternity is fixed, for it is constituted by a state of affairs about which we cannot do anything; therefore my future acts are determined no less by God's timeless knowledge than by God's foreknowing them in a strictly temporal sense. In Chapter 3, Zagzebski considers... (shrink)

Immanuel Kant: The Very Idea of a Critique of Pure Reason is a study of the background, development, exposition, and justification of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Instead of examining Kant's arguments for the transcendental ideality of space and time, his deduction of the pure concepts of the understanding, or his account of the dialectic of human reason, J. Colin McQuillan focuses on Kant's conception of critique. By surveying the different ways the concept of critique was used during the eighteenth (...) century, the relationship between Kant's critique and his pre-critical experiments with different approaches to metaphysics, the varying definitions of a critique of pure reason Kant offers in the prefaces and introductions to the first Critique, and the way Kant responds to objections, McQuillan is able to highlight an aspect of Kant's critical philosophy that is too often overlooked—the reason that philosophy is critical. (shrink)

First published in 1952, British Empirical Philosophers is a comprehensive picture of one of the most important movements in the history of philosophic thought. In his introduction, Professor A. J. Ayer distinguishes the main problems of empiricism and gives a critical account of the ways in which the philosophers whose writings are included in this volume attempted to solve them. Editors Ayer and Raymond Winch bring together an authoritative abridgement of John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding ; Bishop George Berkeley’s (...) Principles of Human Knowledge ; almost the entire first book of David Hume’s Treatise Concerning Human Nature ; and extracts from Thomas Reid’s Essay on the Intellectual Powers of Man and John Stuart Mill’s Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy. (shrink)

For half a century, J. I. Packer's classic has helped Christians everywhere discover the wonder, glory, and joy of knowing God. This fiftieth anniversary edition of a thought-provoking work seeks to renew and enrich our understanding of God, bringing together knowing about God and knowing God through a close relationship with Jesus Christ.